Ethereum’s core development teams convened on October 31, 2025, for both All Core Developers (ACD) and Consensus Layer (CL) calls to coordinate the next wave of mainnet upgrades. The meetings marked a major milestone, finalizing the Fusaka upgrade activation for December 3, 2025, while advancing preparations for the Prague/Electraand Osaka hard forks.
Fusaka, Ethereum’s second major hard fork of 2025, builds directly on Dencun’s “blob” architecture to expand scalability and efficiency. Central to the upgrade is EIP-7594 (PeerDAS), a peer data-availability sampling method that allows validators to verify smaller data fragments instead of entire blocks. This innovation is expected to reduce rollup transaction costs by up to 60%, significantly improving network throughput for Layer-2 scaling solutions.
Following the December 3 mainnet activation, BPO #1 and BPO #2 optimizations are scheduled for December 9, 2025, and January 7, 2026, respectively. The upgrade includes 12 EIPs, such as EIP-7688 (introducing a new data structure) and EIP-8045 (restricting slashed validators from proposing blocks), both enhancing network stability and validator performance.
Prague/Electra and Osaka: The Next Phase of Ethereum Evolution
Developers also discussed the Prague/Electra upgrade, with the inclusion of EIP-7702, a major step toward account abstraction. This proposal enables externally owned accounts (EOAs) to temporarily act as smart contract accounts during transactions, paving the way for more advanced wallet functionality and programmable user accounts.
Testing for Electra’s multi-client testnet is expected in the coming weeks, with a tentative mainnet target set for early 2026.
The call also introduced early plans for Osaka, the upgrade following Electra, where proposals like EIP-7547 (inclusion lists for censorship resistance) are under consideration.
Looking Ahead: Glamsterdam and Ethereum’s Long-Term Vision
Beyond Fusaka and Electra, developers are preparing for the Glamsterdam upgrade, expected in 2026. Its goal is to finalize the EVM Object Format (EOF) and potentially shorten block times to further improve network efficiency.
Ethereum’s long-term roadmap remains focused on major milestones such as The Verge (lightening node requirements) and The Purge (streamlining historical data storage). Together, these efforts aim to enhance scalability, decentralization, and sustainability — ensuring Ethereum’s continued dominance as the backbone of decentralized applications and Layer-2 ecosystems.